Nissan Maxima Service and Repair Manual: Oil Seal
Removal and Installation of Valve Oil Seal
REMOVAL
- Turn crankshaft until the cylinder requiring new oil seals is at
TDC. This will prevent valve from dropping into cylinder.
CAUTION: When rotating crankshaft, be
careful to avoid scarring the front cover with the timing chain.
- Remove camshaft relating to valve oil seal to be removed. Refer to
EM-76, "Removal and Installation".
- Remove valve lifters. Refer to EM-76, "Removal and Installation".
- Remove valve collet, valve spring retainer and valve spring using
Tool. CAUTION: When working,
take care not to damage valve lifter holes.
Tool numbers : KV10116200 (J-26336-A)
: KV10115900 (J-26336-20)
:
KV10109220 ( -
- Remove valve oil seal using Tool.
Tool number : KV10107902 (J-38959)
INSTALLATION
- Apply new engine oil to new valve oil seal joint surface and seal
lip.
- Press in valve oil seal to height (H) using Tool to specified
height.
Tool number : - (J-39386)
NOTE: Dimension (H): height measured before valve
spring seat installation.
Intake and exhaust : 14.3 - 14.9 mm (0.563 - 0.587 in)
- Installation of the remaining components is in the reverse order of
removal.
Removal and Installation of Front Oil Seal
REMOVAL
- Remove engine under cover. Refer to EXT-15, "Exploded View".
- Remove drive belt. Refer to EM-14, "Removal and Installation".
- Remove radiator fan. Refer to CO-16, "Removal and Installation".
- Remove rear cover plate.
- Remove the crankshaft pulley as follows:
- Lock the drive plate using Tool.
Tool number : - (J-50288)
CAUTION: Do not damage the ring gear teeth,
or the signal plate teeth behind the ring gear, when setting the Tool.
- Loosen crankshaft pulley and locate bolt seating surface at 10 mm
(0.39 in) from its original position.
- Position a pulley puller at recess hole of crankshaft pulley to
remove crankshaft pulley.
CAUTION: Do not use a puller claw on the
outer diameter of the crankshaft pulley.
- Remove front oil seal from front cover using a suitable tool.
CAUTION: Be careful not to damage front
cover or crankshaft.
INSTALLATION
- Apply new engine oil to new oil seal and install.
- Install new oil seal in the direction as shown.
CAUTION: Press fit straight and avoid
causing burrs or tilting the oil seal.
- Press-fit oil seal until it becomes flush with the timing chain case
end face, using suitable tool.
- Make sure the garter spring in the oil seal is in position and
seal lip is not inverted.
- Install crankshaft pulley and tighten the bolt in two steps.
- Lubricate thread and seat surface of the bolt with new engine oil.
- For the second step angle tighten using Tool.
Step 1 : 44.1 N*m (4.5 kg-m, 33 ft-lb)
Step 2 : 84 - 90 degrees
clockwise
Tool number : KV10112100 (BT-8653-A)
- Remove the Tool to unlock the drive plate.
Tool number : - (J-50288)
CAUTION: Do not damage the ring gear teeth,
or the signal plate teeth behind the ring gear, when removing the Tool.
- Installation of the remaining components is in reverse order of removal.
Removal and Installation of Rear Oil Seal
REMOVAL
- Remove the upper oil pan. Refer to EM-37, "Removal and
Installation (Upper Oil Pan)".
- Remove drive plate. Refer to EM-127, "Dowel Pin Alignment".
- Remove rear oil seal retainer using Tool.
Tool Number : KV10111100 (J-37228)
CAUTION:
- Be careful not to damage mating surface.
- If rear oil retainer is removed, replace it with a new one
NOTE: Rear oil seal and retainer form a single part
and are replaced as an assembly.
INSTALLATION
- Remove old liquid gasket material from mating surface of cylinder
block and oil pan using a suitable scraper.
- Install the rear oil seal retainer using Tool (A).
Tool number : - (J-47128)
- Loosen the wing nut (B) on the end of the Tool (A).
- Insert the arbor (D) into the crankshaft pilot hole until the outer
lip (C) of the Tool (A) covers the edge of the crankshaft sealing
surface.
- Tighten the wing nut (B) to secure the Tool (A) to the crankshaft.
- Apply sealant to rear oil seal retainer as shown.
Use Genuine
Silicone RTV Sealant, or equivalent. Refer to GI-21, "Recommended
Chemical Products and Sealants".
CAUTION:
- Installation should be done within 5 minutes after applying
liquid gasket.
- Do not fill the engine with oil for at least 30 minutes after
the components are installed to allow the sealant to cure.
- Lubricate the sealing surface of the new rear main seal with new engine
oil.
- Slide the new rear main seal (1) over the Tool (A) and onto the
crankshaft.
- Loosen the wing nut and push the threaded rod into the handle
to remove the Tool (A).
- Tighten the rear oil seal retainer bolts to specification.
- Install the piston to the connecting rod.
- Using suitable snap ring pliers, install the snap ring fully into
the pin-groove of the piston rear side.
- Install the piston to the connecting rod.
- Piston front mark
- Oil hole
- Connecting rod front mark
- Cylinder No.
WARNING: Pistons contain heat. When working,
wear protective equipment to avoid getting burned.
- Piston grade number
- Pin grade number
Engine front
- Install the snap ring into the front of the piston pin-groove.
- After installing, check that the connecting rod pivots smoothly on
the pin.
CAUTION: Do not reuse snap rings, always
replace with new ones.
- Using a piston ring expander, install the piston rings.
CAUTION:
- Be careful not to damage the piston.
- When the piston rings are not replaced, remount the rings
in their original positions.
- When replacing the piston rings, those without stamped
surface (A) can be mounted either side up.
- Install the second ring with the stamped surface (B) facing
upward. If the ring is not stamped it can face in either direction.
Top ring (A) : -
Second ring (B) : 2A
- Position each ring with the gap as shown, referring to the piston
front mark.
- Install the connecting rod bearings to the connecting rod and the
connecting rod cap.
- When installing the connecting rod bearings, apply engine oil
to the bearing surface (crankshaft side). Do not apply oil to the back
surface (connecting rod and connecting rod cap side), but thoroughly
clean it.
- When installing, align the connecting rod bearing protrusion
with the notch of the connecting rod to install.
- Check that the oil holes on the connecting rod and on the corresponding
bearing are aligned.
- Install the piston and connecting rod assembly into the corresponding
cylinder.
- Position the crankshaft pin corresponding to the connecting rod
to be installed onto the bottom dead center.
- Apply engine oil sufficiently to the cylinder bore, piston, and
crankshaft pin.
- Match the cylinder position with the cylinder No. (B) on the
connecting rod to install.
- Install the piston with the piston front mark (A) on the crown
facing the front of the engine ( ) using a suitable tool.
- Oil hole (C)
CAUTION: Be careful not to damage the
crankshaft pin and cylinder wall, resulting from interference of the
connecting rod big end
- Install the connecting rod cap.
- Match the stamped cylinder number marks on the connecting rod
with those on the cylinder cap for installation.
- Install the piston connecting rod assembly and cap so that the
front mark on the cap and piston are facing the front of the engine.
- Lubricate the threads and seat surfaces with new engine oil.
- Check the connecting rod cap bolts before reusing, then install in
their original position in the connecting rod. The bolts should screw in
smoothly by hand.
- Measure the outer diameter of the connecting rod cap bolt as
shown.
Outer diameter "d" of the connecting rod bolt
Standard : 7.90 - 8.00 mm
(0.3110 - 0.3150 in)
Limit : 7.75 mm (0.3051 in)
- Tighten the connecting rod nuts in two stages using Tool:
Stage 1 : 19 - 21 N*m (1.9 - 2.1 kg-m, 14 - 15 ft-lb)
Stage 2 : 90 -
95 degrees clockwise
CAUTION: Always use either an angle wrench or
protractor. Avoid tightening based on visual check alone.
Tool number : KV10112100 (BT-8653-A)
- Apply engine oil to the threads and seats of the connecting rod bolts
and nuts.
- After tightening the nuts, make sure that the crankshaft rotates
smoothly.
- Check the connecting rod side clearance. If beyond the limit,
replace the connecting rod and/or crankshaft.
Connecting rod side clearance:
Standard : 0.20 - 0.35 mm (0.0079 -
0.0138 in)
Limit : 0.40 mm (0.0157 in)
- Install the baffle plate to the main bearing beam.
- Install the knock sensor.
- Make sure that there is no foreign material on the cylinder block
mating surface and the back surface of the knock sensor.
- Install the knock sensor with the connector facing the rear of
the engine.
- Do not tighten the bolts while holding the connector.
- Make sure that the knock sensor does not interfere with other
parts.
CAUTION: If any impact by dropping occurs to
the knock sensor, replace it with new one.
- Install the pilot converter with it's chamfer facing crankshaft as
shown.
- : Crankshaft side
- Install the drive plate. Refer to EM-127, "Dowel Pin Alignment".
- Install the cylinder head. Refer to EM-90, "Removal and Installation".
- Install the timing chain. Refer to EM-64, "Removal and
Installation".
- Install the oil pan. Refer to EM-37, "Removal and Installation
(Upper Oil Pan)".
- Remove the engine from the stand and install the engine assembly
into the vehicle. Refer to EM-103, "Removal and Installation".
- Assembly of the remaining parts is in the reverse order of
disassembly.
CAUTION: Do not fill the engine with oil for
at least 30 minutes after the components are installed to allow the sealant
to cure.
INSPECTION AFTER INSTALLATION
- Before starting engine, check oil/fluid levels including engine
coolant and engine oil. If less than required quantity, fill to the
specified level. Refer to MA-15, "FOR USA AND CANADA : Fluids and
Lubricants" (United States and Canada) or MA-16, "FOR MEXICO : Fluids and
Lubricants" (Mexico).
- Use procedure below to check for fuel leakage.
- Turn ignition switch ON (with engine stopped). With fuel pressure
applied to fuel piping, check for fuel leakage at connection points.
- Start engine. With engine speed increased, check again for fuel
leakage at connection points.
- Run engine to check for unusual noise and vibration.
NOTE: If hydraulic pressure inside timing
chain tensioner drops after removal and installation, slack in the guide may
generate a pounding noise during and just after engine start. However, this is
normal. Noise will stop after hydraulic pressure rises.
- Warm up engine thoroughly to make sure there is no leakage of
fuel, exhaust gas, or any oils/fluids including engine oil and engine
coolant.
- Bleed air from passages in lines and hoses, such as in cooling
system.
- After cooling down engine, again check oil/fluid levels including
engine oil and engine coolant. Refill to specified level, if necessary.
- Summary of the inspection items:
*Power steering fluid, brake fluid, etc.
Inspection
PISTON AND PISTON PIN CLEARANCE
Inner Diameter of Piston Pin Hole
- Measure the inner diameter of piston pin hole "dp".
Standard diameter "dp"
Grade No. 0 : 21.993 - 21.999 mm (0.8659 - 0.8661
in)
Grade No. 1 : 21.999 - 22.005 mm (0.8661 - 0.8663 in)
Outer Diameter of Piston Pin
- Measure outer diameter of piston pin "Dp".
Standard diameter "Dp"
Grade No. 0 : 21.989 - 21.995 mm (0.8657 - 0.8659
in)
Grade No. 1 : 21.995 - 22.001 mm (0.8659 - 0.8662 in)
- Engine front
- Piston Grade No. (A)
- Piston front mark (B)
- Oil hole (C)
- Connecting rod front mark (D)
- Cylinder No. (E)
- Pin Grade No. (F)
Piston and Piston Pin Interference Fit
Standard Interference Fit = "Dp" - "dp"
Standard : 0.002 - 0.010 mm (0.0001 - 0.0004 in)
- If clearance exceeds specification, replace either or both the
piston/piston pin assembly and connecting rod assembly with reference to
specification of each part.
PISTON RING SIDE CLEARANCE
- Measure side clearance of piston ring and piston ring groove with
feeler gauge.
Standard Side Clearance
Top ring : 0.045 - 0.080 mm (0.0018 - 0.0031
in)
2nd ring : 0.030 - 0.070 mm (0.0012 - 0.0028 in)
Oil ring : 0.045
- 0.125 mm (0.0018 - 0.0049 in)
Maximum Limit
Top ring : 0.11 mm
(0.0043 in)
2nd ring : 0.1 mm (0.004 in)
Oil ring : -
- If out of specification, replace piston ring assembly. If clearance
exceeds maximum limit with new rings, replace piston
PISTON RING END GAP
- Insert piston ring until it is in the middle of the cylinder bore
and measure the end gap.
Standard
Top ring : 0.23 - 0.28 mm (0.0091 - 0.0110 in)
2nd ring :
0.33 - 0.43 mm (0.0130 - 0.0169 in)
Oil ring : 0.20 - 0.45 mm (0.0079 -
0.0177 in)
Limit:
Top ring : 0.50 mm (0.0197 in)
2nd ring : 0.62
mm (0.0244 in)
Oil ring : 0.80 mm (0.0315 in
- If out of specification, replace piston ring.
CONNECTING ROD BEND AND TORSION
Bend : Limit 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) per 100 mm (3.94 in) length
Torsion
: Limit 0.30 mm (0.0118 in) per 100 mm (3.94 in) length
- If it exceeds the limit, replace connecting rod assembly.
CONNECTING ROD BEARING HOUSING DIAMETER (BIG END)
- Install the connecting rod cap without the connecting rod bearing
installed. After tightening the connecting rod nut to the specified
torque, measure the connecting rod bearing housing big end inner diameter
using an inside micrometer.
Standard : 55.000 - 55.013 mm (2.1654 - 2.1659 in
CONNECTING ROD BUSHING OIL CLEARANCE (SMALL END)
Inner Diameter of Connecting Rod (Small End)
- Measure inner diameter of piston pin bushing.
Standard Grade No. 0 : 22.000 - 22.006 mm (0.8661 - 0.8664 in)
Grade
No. 1 : 22.006 - 22.012 mm (0.8664 - 0.8666 in)
Outer Diameter of Piston Pin
- Measure outer diameter of piston pin.
Standard Grade No. 0 : 21.989 - 21.995 mm (0.8657 - 0.8659 in) Grade
No. 1
: 21.995 - 22.001 mm (0.8659 -0.8662 in)
Connecting Rod Bushing Oil Clearance (Small End)
(Connecting rod small end oil clearance) = (Inner diameter of connecting
rod small end) - (Outer diameter of piston pin)
Standard : 0.005 - 0.017 mm (0.0002 - 0.0007 in)
Limit : 0.030 mm
(0.0012 in)
- If the measured value exceeds the standard, replace the connecting
rod assembly and/or piston and piston pin assembly.
- If replacing the piston and piston pin assembly, use the Table for
Selective Fitting for Piston to select the piston corresponding to the
applicable bore grade of the cylinder block to be used. Follow the
"PISTON-TO-CYLINDER BORE CLEARANCE" procedure.
Factory installed parts grading:
- Engine front
- Piston Grade No. (A)
- Piston front mark (B)
- Oil hole (C)
- Connecting rod front mark (D)
- Cylinder No. (E)
- Pin Grade No. (F)
- Crown I.D. code (G)
Service parts apply only to grade 0.
CYLINDER BLOCK DISTORTION
- Using a scraper, remove any old gasket material on the cylinder
block surface, and remove any oil, scale, carbon, or other contamination.
CAUTION: Be careful not to allow
gasket flakes to enter the oil or coolant passages.
- Measure the distortion on the block upper face at different points
in six directions.
Distortion limit : 0.10 mm (0.0039 in
- If out of specification, resurface the cylinder block. The allowable
amount of resurfacing is dependent on the amount of any cylinder head
resurfacing. The resurfacing limit is [amount of cylinder head resurfacing]
+ [amount of cylinder head resurfacing] = 0.2 mm (0.008 in).
Cylinder block height : 214.95 - 215.05 mm (8.4626 - 8.4665 in)
INNER DIAMETER OF MAIN BEARING HOUSING
- Install the main bearing caps with the main bearings removed, and
tighten the bolts to the specified torque.
- Using a bore gauge, measure the inner diameter of the main bearing
housing "A".
Standard : 63.993 - 64.017 mm (2.5194 - 2.5203 in)
- If out of the standard, replace the cylinder block and main bearing
caps as an assembly. NOTE:
These components cannot be replaced as a single unit, because they were
processed together.
PISTON-TO-CYLINDER BORE CLEARANCE
- Using a bore gauge, measure cylinder bore for wear, out-of-round
and taper at (A), (B) and (C). The X axis is in the longitudinal
direction of the engine.
Cylinder bore inner diameter
If it exceeds the limit, rebore all cylinders. Replace cylinder block if
necessary.
Out-of-round (Difference between X and Y) : limit 0.015 mm (0.0006
in)
Taper (Difference between A and C) : limit 0.010 mm (0.0004 in)
- Check for scratches and seizure. If seizure is found, hone it.
- If both cylinder block and piston are replaced with new ones,
select piston of the same grade number punched on cylinder block rear
position. These numbers are punched in either Arabic or Roman numerals.
- Measure piston skirt diameter.
Piston diameter "A" : Refer to EM-135, "Cylinder Block".
Measuring
point "a" (Distance from the top) : 38.0 mm (1.496 in)
- Check that piston-to-bore clearance is within specification.
Piston-to-bore clearance at "B" : 0.010 - 0.030 mm (0.0004 - 0.0012 i
- The piston-to-bore clearance is measured at the "B" level in the
cylinder as shown.
- Cylinder bore size is determined by adding piston-to-bore clearance to
piston diameter "A".
Rebored size calculation : D = A + B − C where,
D : Bored diameter
A : Piston diameter as measured
B : Piston-to-bore clearance
C :
Honing allowance 0.02 mm (0.0008 in)
- Install main bearing caps, and tighten to the specified torque.
Otherwise, cylinder bores may be distorted after boring.
- Cut cylinder bores.
- When any cylinder needs boring, all other cylinders must also be
bored.
- Do not cut too much out of cylinder bore at a time. Cut only 0.05
mm (0.0020 in) or so in diameter at a time.
- Hone cylinders to obtain specified piston-to-bore clearance.
- Measure finished cylinder bore for out-of-round and taper.
- Measurement should be done after cylinder bore cools down.
CRANKSHAFT
- Check the crankshaft main and pin journals for scoring, wear, or
cracks.
- Measure the journals for taper and out-of-round.
Standard
Out-of-round (X - Y) : 0.002 mm (0.0001 in)
Taper (A - B)
: 0.002 mm (0.0001 in)
- Measure crankshaft runout.
- Place a V-block on a precise flat table to support the journals on
the both ends of the crankshaft.
- Place a dial gauge straight up on the No. 3 journal.
- While rotating the crankshaft, read the movement of the pointer
on the dial gauge.
Runout limit (total indicator reading) : 0.10 mm (0.0039 in)
BEARING CLEARANCE
- Use either of the following two methods, however method "A" gives
more reliable results and so is the preferred method.
Method A (Using Bore Gauge and Micrometer)
Main Bearing
- Set the main bearings in their proper positions on the cylinder block
and the main bearing cap.
- Install the main bearing caps and bearing beam to the cylinder block.
Tighten all bolts in the numerical order as specified. Refer to EM-107,
"Disassembly and Assembly".
- Measure the inner diameters "A" of each main bearing as shown.
- Measure the outer diameters "Dm" of each crankshaft main journal as
shown.
- Calculate the main bearing clearance.
Main bearing clearance =
"A" - "Dm"
Standard : 0.012 - 0.022 mm (0.0005 - 0.0009 in)
Limit : 0.065 mm
(0.0026 in)
- If it exceeds the limit, replace the bearing.
- If clearance cannot be adjusted using any standard bearing grade,
grind crankshaft journal and use an undersized bearing.
- When grinding the crankshaft journal, confirm that the "L" dimension
in the fillet role is more than the specified limit.
"L" : 0.10 mm (0.0039 in)
- If the crankshaft or the cylinder block is replaced with a new one,
select thickness of the main bearings as follows:
- The grade number of each cylinder block main journal is punched on
the respective cylinder block. These numbers are punched in either Arabic
or Roman numerals. If measured diameter is out of the grade punched,
decide suitable grade from available main bearings.
- The grade number of each crankshaft main journal is punched on the
crankshaft end. These numbers are punched in either Arabic or Roman
numerals. If measured diameter is out of grade punched, decide the
suitable grade from available main bearings.
- Select the main bearing suitable thickness according to the following
table:
Connecting Rod Bearing (Big End)
- Install the connecting rod bearing to the connecting rod and cap.
- Install the connecting rod cap to the connecting rod. Tighten to
specification. Refer to EM-107, "Disassembly and Assembly".
- Measure the inner diameter "C" of each connecting rod (big end)
as shown.
- Measure the outer diameter "Dp" of each crankshaft pin journal.
- Calculate the connecting rod bearing clearance.
Connecting rod
bearing clearance = C - Dp
Standard : 0.020 - 0.045 mm (0.0008 - 0.0018 in)
Limit : 0.070 mm
(0.0028 in)
- If the calculated clearance exceeds the specified limit, replace the
bearings.
- If the clearance cannot be adjusted within the standard of any
bearing, grind the crankshaft journal and use undersized bearings.
- If the crankshaft is replaced with a new one, select the connecting
rod bearings according to the following table: Connecting Rod Bearing
Grade Number (Identification Color)
These numbers are punched in either Arabic or Roman numerals.
Method B (Using Plastigage)
- Remove oil and dust on the crankshaft pin and the surfaces of
each bearing completely.
- Cut a Plastigage slightly shorter than the bearing width, and
place it in crankshaft axial direction, avoiding oil holes.
- Install the connecting rod bearings to the connecting rod cap, and
tighten the connecting rod nuts to the specified torque.
CAUTION: Do not rotate the crankshaft.
- Remove the connecting rod cap and bearings, and using the scale
on the Plastigage bag, measure the Plastigage width.
NOTE: The procedure when the measured value
exceeds the repair limit is same as that described in "Method A (Using Bore
Gauge and Micrometer)".
DRIVE PLATE RUNOUT
Use a suitable tool to measure the runout (Total Indicator Reading) as
shown.
Drive plate torque converter surface : less than 0.35 mm (.0138
in)
Ring gear : less than 0.5 mm (.0197 in)
CAUTION:
- The signal plate is built into the drive assembly. Be careful
not to damage the signal plate, particularly the teeth.
- Check the drive plate and signal plate for deformation or
cracks.
- Keep all magnetized objects away from the signal plate,
particularly the teeth.
OIL JET
- Check nozzle for deformation and damage.
- Blow compressed air from nozzle, and check for clogs.
- If it is not operating properly, replace oil jet.
OIL JET RELIEF VALVE
Dowel Pin Alignment
REMOVAL
- Use suitable tool to lock the drive plate and match mark (A) the
drive plate before removing the bolts.
CAUTION: Do not damage the ring gear teeth,
or the signal plate teeth behind the ring gear.
- Remove drive plate.
- Loosen the drive plate in a diagonal order.
CAUTION:
- Do not place drive plate with signal plate facing down.
- When handling the signal plate, take care not to damage or
scratch it.
- Handle the signal plate in a manner that prevents it from
becoming magnetized.
INSTALLATION
Installation is in the reverse order of removal.
- When installing the drive plate to the crankshaft, use the match
mark (A) as shown to correctly align the crankshaft side dowel pin to the
drive plate side dowel pin hole.
- Install the drive plate and the reinforcement plate in the direction
as shown.
- Tighten the drive plate bolts in a diagonal pattern in two steps. Refer
to EM-107, "Disassembly and Assembly".
- Use a suitable tool to lock the drive plate.
Exploded View
Camshaft position sensor bracket (RH)
Camshaft brackets
No. 1 camshaft bracket (RH)
Camshaft (EXH) (RH)
Camshaft (INT) (RH)
Cylinder head (RH)
Cylinder head (LH)
...
General Specification
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Drive Belt
DRIVE BELT
Spark Plug
SPARK PLUG
*: Always check with the Parts Department for the latest parts information.
Intake Manifold
INT ...
Other materials:
C1101, C1102, C1103, C1104 wheel sensor
DTC Logic
DTC DETECTION LOGIC
DTC CONFIRMATION PROCEDURE
1.CHECK SELF DIAGNOSTIC RESULT
With CONSULT.
Start engine and drive vehicle at approximately 21 km/h (13 MPH)
or more for approximately 5 minutes.
Perform self diagnostic result.
Diagnosis Procedure
CAUTION:
Do not check ...
Checking engine oil level
1. Park the vehicle on a level surface and apply
the parking brake.
2. Start the engine and let it idle until it reaches
operating temperature.
3. Turn off the engine. Wait more than
10 minutes for the oil to drain back into
the oil pan.
4. Remove the dipstick and wipe it clean. Rei ...
Rapid air pressure loss
Rapid air pressure loss or a "blow-out" can occur
if the tire is punctured or is damaged due to
hitting a curb or pothole. Rapid air pressure loss
can also be caused by driving on under-inflated
tires.
Rapid air pressure loss can affect the handling
and stability of the vehicle, especially a ...